常用命令

  1. 查看系统版本 cat /proc/version

  2. 查看内核版本 uname -a

  3. wget下载 wget xxx.com/xxx.txt 如下载miniconda3 wget https://mirrors.bfsu.edu.cn/anaconda/miniconda/Miniconda3-latest-Linux-x86_64.sh

  4. 下载安装miniconda3 cd ~ mkdir downloads && cd downloads wget https://mirrors.bfsu.edu.cn/anaconda/miniconda/Miniconda3-latest-Linux-x86_64.sh bash Miniconda3-latest-Linux-x86_64.sh 一路按ENTER，输入yes即可，默认安装在~/miniconda3 目录下 source ~/.bashrc

  5. 每次登录都需要 source ~/.bashrc 的解决办法 创建文件 ~/.bash_profile ，添加如下内容

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    # .bash_profile
   
# Get the aliases and functions
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ] ; then
        source ~/.bashrc
fi

    `` 然后 source ~/.bash_profile

  6. 显示当前目录下前 100 个文件 ls | head -n 100

  7. 断开terminal后后台保持程序运行 nohup xxx & 其中 xxx 为正常的执行程序的命令： 如 shell 脚本执行 ./hello.sh 如 python 脚本执行 python hello.py 整体为：nohup python hello.py & 参考链接

  8. 下载和上传 从服务器下载到本地：sftp get server_path local_path 从本地上传到服务器：sftp put local_path server_path 如果需要操作文件夹，加上 -r 参数

  9. shell 脚本实现自动化下载和上传

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    #!/bin/bash
sftp hostname<<EOF
get -r /home/username/myfiles/ /Users/username/Desktop/myfiles/
quit
EOF

    ``

  10. vim中的内容与系统剪贴板交互

    vim内容粘贴到系统剪贴板

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    1. 选择好要复制的内容，比如选中文件所有内容 gg+v+G
# ", +, y 三个字符分别按下
2. "+y
# 系统外可以使用 ctrl+v

    系统剪贴板内容粘贴到vim

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    # ", *, p 三个字符分别按下
1. "*p

  11. 关于 terminal 配置的问题

  • zsh 参考链接
  • bash sudo hostnamectl set-hostname <yourhostname> yourhostname 自己指定
  1. 查看 gcc 和 g++ 默认使用的 C和C++标准

  • 查看 C 标准 gcc -E -dM - </dev/null | grep "STDC_VERSION" 得到的结果为 #define __STDC_VERSION__ 201710L 说明是 C17 的标准

  • 查看 C++ 标准 g++ -dM -E -x c++ /dev/null | grep -F __cplusplus 得到的结果为 #define __cplusplus 201402L 说明是 C++14 的标准

  1. 查看当前目录下所有文件的大小之和 du -sh

  2. 清空终端 Linux clear 或者 ctrl + p mac terminal command + k

  3. 查找当前目录下带有 “xxx” 的文件名 find . -name "*xxx*"

  4. 添加自己的脚本到系统终端 假设在 /home/username/myutils 目录下有脚本 test.sh 首先给该脚本添加执行权限 chmod +x test.sh 然后在 ~/.bashrc 文件中添加 export PATH="$PATH:/home/username/myutils" 并保存 再更新一下即可 source ~/.bashrc ，每次重新打开终端时，系统会自动执行 ~/.bashrc 如此就可以在系统终端的任意目录下输入 test.sh 执行脚本了

  5. Linux 下压缩和解压文件

    • 压缩：tar -czvf <archive_name.tar.gz> <folder_to_compress> 如压缩文件夹 test 为 test.tar.gz：tar -czvf test.tar.gz test
    • 解压：tar -xzvf <archive_name.tar.gz> 如解压文件夹 test.tar.gz：tar -xzvf test.tar.gz

  6. 查看文件夹所在文件系统的剩余空间 如 查看 /home/username 目录所在文件系统的剩余空间 df -h /home/username

  7. 创建文件夹并进入到该文件夹 mkdir test && cd $_，其中 $_ 表示上一个命令的最后一个参数

  8. pip 下载 package 换国内源加速

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    # 单次换源
python -m pip install --upgrade pip -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple <package name>
	
# 永久换源
pip config set global.index-url https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
pip install <package name>

.bashrc 配置

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# ~/.bashrc: executed by bash(1) for non-login shells.
# see /usr/share/doc/bash/examples/startup-files (in the package bash-doc)
# for examples

# If not running interactively, don't do anything
case $- in
    *i*) ;;
      *) return;;
esac

# don't put duplicate lines or lines starting with space in the history.
# See bash(1) for more options
HISTCONTROL=ignoreboth

# append to the history file, don't overwrite it
shopt -s histappend

# for setting history length see HISTSIZE and HISTFILESIZE in bash(1)
HISTSIZE=1000
HISTFILESIZE=2000

# check the window size after each command and, if necessary,
# update the values of LINES and COLUMNS.
shopt -s checkwinsize

# If set, the pattern "**" used in a pathname expansion context will
# match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.
#shopt -s globstar

# make less more friendly for non-text input files, see lesspipe(1)
[ -x /usr/bin/lesspipe ] && eval "$(SHELL=/bin/sh lesspipe)"

# set variable identifying the chroot you work in (used in the prompt below)
if [ -z "${debian_chroot:-}" ] && [ -r /etc/debian_chroot ]; then
    debian_chroot=$(cat /etc/debian_chroot)
fi

# set a fancy prompt (non-color, unless we know we "want" color)
case "$TERM" in
    xterm-color|*-256color) color_prompt=yes;;
esac

# uncomment for a colored prompt, if the terminal has the capability; turned
# off by default to not distract the user: the focus in a terminal window
# should be on the output of commands, not on the prompt
#force_color_prompt=yes

if [ -n "$force_color_prompt" ]; then
    if [ -x /usr/bin/tput ] && tput setaf 1 >&/dev/null; then
	# We have color support; assume it's compliant with Ecma-48
	# (ISO/IEC-6429). (Lack of such support is extremely rare, and such
	# a case would tend to support setf rather than setaf.)
	color_prompt=yes
    else
	color_prompt=
    fi
fi

# \w 表示显示当前所在目录的全路径
# \W 表示显示当前所在目录的最后一个目录
# 如当前在 /home/username/hello/world/ 目录下
# \w 显示为：~/home/world
# \W 显示为：world

if [ "$color_prompt" = yes ]; then
    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\W\[\033[00m\]\$ '
else
    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\W\$ '
fi
unset color_prompt force_color_prompt

# If this is an xterm set the title to user@host:dir
case "$TERM" in
xterm*|rxvt*)
    PS1="\[\e]0;${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h: \W\a\]$PS1"
    ;;
*)
    ;;
esac

# enable color support of ls and also add handy aliases
if [ -x /usr/bin/dircolors ]; then
    test -r ~/.dircolors && eval "$(dircolors -b ~/.dircolors)" || eval "$(dircolors -b)"
    alias ls='ls --color=auto'
    #alias dir='dir --color=auto'
    #alias vdir='vdir --color=auto'

    alias grep='grep --color=auto'
    alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto'
    alias egrep='egrep --color=auto'
fi

# colored GCC warnings and errors
#export GCC_COLORS='error=01;31:warning=01;35:note=01;36:caret=01;32:locus=01:quote=01'

# some more ls aliases
alias ll='ls -alF'
alias la='ls -A'
alias l='ls -CF'

# Add an "alert" alias for long running commands.  Use like so:
#   sleep 10; alert
alias alert='notify-send --urgency=low -i "$([ $? = 0 ] && echo terminal || echo error)" "$(history|tail -n1|sed -e '\''s/^\s*[0-9]\+\s*//;s/[;&|]\s*alert$//'\'')"'

# Alias definitions.
# You may want to put all your additions into a separate file like
# ~/.bash_aliases, instead of adding them here directly.
# See /usr/share/doc/bash-doc/examples in the bash-doc package.

if [ -f ~/.bash_aliases ]; then
    . ~/.bash_aliases
fi

# enable programmable completion features (you don't need to enable
# this, if it's already enabled in /etc/bash.bashrc and /etc/profile
# sources /etc/bash.bashrc).
if ! shopt -oq posix; then
  if [ -f /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion ]; then
    . /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion
  elif [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then
    . /etc/bash_completion
  fi
fi

alias tmux='tmux -u'